Blood Sugar Balance

Niacin

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B12

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Driskell JA, 1999. Vitamins. In: Sports Nutrition- Vitamins and trace elements. Driskell JA and Wolinsky I (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Garrow JS, James WPT, Ralph A, James WPT, 2000. Human Nutrition and Dietetics Churchill Livingstone, London, Edinburgh.

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Mann J and Truswell S, 2002. Essentials of Human Nutrition. Oxford University Press, USA, New York.

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Magnesium

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Song Y, He K, Levitan EB, Manson JE, Liu S, 2006. Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials. Diabetic Medicine, 23, 1050-1056.

Takaya J, Higashino H, Kotera F, Kobayashi Y, 2003. Intracellular magnesium of platelets in children with diabetes and obesity. Metabolism, 52, 468-471.

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Tsuneki H, Ishizuka M, Terasawa M, Wu JB, Sasaoka T, Kimura I, 2004. Effect of green tea on blood glucose levels and serum proteomic patterns in diabetic (db/db) mice and on glucose metabolism in healthy humans. BMC Pharmacology, 4, 18.

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Zinc

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Al-Maroof RA and Al-Sharbatti SS, 2006. Serum zinc levels in diabetic patients and effect of zinc supplementation on glycemic control of type 2 diabetics. Saudi Med J, 27, 344-350.

Blostein-Fujii A, DiSilvestro RA, Frid D, Katz C, Malarkey W, 1997. Short-term zinc supplementation in women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects on plasma 5'-nucleotidase activities, insulinlike growth factor I concentrations, and lipoprotein oxidation rates in vitro. Am J Clin Nutr, 66, 639-642.

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Cunningham JJ, Fu A, Mearkle PL, Brown RG, 1994. Hyperzincuria in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: concurrent zinc status and the effect of high-dose zinc supplementation. Metabolism, 43, 1558-1562.

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Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS, Bajaj S, Gaoli Z, Shoumin Z, 1998. Current zinc intake and risk of diabetes and coronary artery disease and factors associated with insulin resistance in rural and urban populations of North India. J Am Coll Nutr, 17, 564-570.

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Chromium

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Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Reiser S, 1990. Urinary chromium excretion and insulinogenic properties of carbohydrates. Am J Clin Nutr (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition), 51, 864-868.

Anderson RA, Polansky MM, Bryden NA, Canary JJ, 1991. Supplemental-chromium effects on glucose, insulin, glucagon, and urinary chromium losses in subjects consuming controlled low-chromium diets. Am J Clin Nutr (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition), 54, 909-916.

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Cefalu WT, Wang ZQ, Zhang XH, Baldor LC, Russell JC, 2002. Oral chromium picolinate improves carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and enhances skeletal muscle Glut-4 translocation in obese, hyperinsulinemic (JCR-LA corpulent) rats. J Nutr (Journal of Nutrition), 132, 1107-1114.

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Dubois F and Belleville F, 1991. Chromium: physiologic role and implications in human pathology. Pathol Biol (Paris), 39, 801-808.

Elmadfa I and Leitzmann C, 2004. Ernährung des Menschen. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart.

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Frauchiger MT, Wenk C, Colombani PC, 2004. Effects of acute chromium supplementation on postprandial metabolism in healthy young men. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23, 351-357.

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Hahn A, Ströhle A, Wolters M, 2005. Ernährung–Physiologische Grundlagen, Prävention.Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart.

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Mertz W, 1992. Chromium. History and nutritional importance. Biological Trace Element Research, 32, 3-8.

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Press RI, Geller J, Evans GW, 1990. The effect of chromium picolinate on serum cholesterol and apolipoprotein fractions in human subjects. The Western Journal of Medicine, 152, 41-45.

Rabinovitz H, Friedensohn A, Leibovitz A, Gabay G, Rocas C, Habot B, 2004. Effect of chromium supplementation on blood glucose and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus elderly patients. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 74, 178-182.

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Racek J, Trefil L, Rajdl D, Mudrova V, Hunter D, Senft V, 2006. Influence of chromium-enriched yeast on blood glucose and insulin variables, blood lipids, and markers of oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biological Trace Element Research, 109, 215-230.

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Riales R and Albrink MJ, 1981. Effect of chromium chloride supplementation on glucose tolerance and serum lipids including high-density lipoprotein of adult men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 34, 2670-2678.

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Striffler JS, Polansky MM, Anderson RA, 1998. Dietary chromium decreases insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat, mineral-imbalanced diet. Metabolism, 47, 396-400.

Striffler JS, Polansky MM, Anderson RA, 1999. Overproduction of insulin in the chromium-deficient rat. Metabolism, 48, 1063-1068.

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Anderson RA, Polansky MM, Bryden NA, Patterson KY, Veillon C, Glinsmann WH, 1983. Effects of chromium supplementation on urinary Cr excretion of human subjects and correlation of Cr excretion with selected clinical parameters. Journal of Nutrition, 113, 276-281.

Anderson RA, Polansky MM, Bryden NA, Roginski EE, Mertz W, Glinsmann W, 1983. Chromium supplementation of human subjects: effects on glucose, insulin, and lipid variables. Metabolism, 32, 894-899.

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Glucomannan

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Fenugreek

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Devasena, T. and Venugopal, Menon P. Fenugreek seeds modulate 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced hepatic oxidative stress during colon carcinogenesis. Ital.J Biochem. 2007;56(1):28-34.

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Handa, T., Yamaguchi, K., Sono, Y., and Yazawa, K. Effects of fenugreek seed extract in obese mice fed a high-fat diet. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 2005;69(6):1186-1188.

Hannan JM, Rokeya B, Faruque O, et al. Effect of soluble dietary fibre fraction of Trigonella foenum graecum on glycemic, insulinemic, lipidemic and platelet aggregation status of Type 2 diabetic model rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;88:73-7.

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Hibasami, H., Moteki, H., Ishikawa, K., Katsuzaki, H., Imai, K., Yoshioka, K., Ishii, Y., and Komiya, T. Protodioscin isolated from fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) induces cell death and morphological change indicative of apoptosis in leukemic cell line H-60, but not in gastric cancer cell line KATO III. Int J Mol.Med 2003;11(1):23-26.

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Kassaian N, Azadbakht L, Forghani B, Amini M. Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and lipid profiles in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2009;79(1):34-9.

Kochhar, A. and Nagi, M. Effect of supplementation of traditional medicinal plants on blood glucose in non-insulin-dependent diabetics: a pilot study. J Med Food 2005;8(4):545-549.

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Lu, F. R., Shen, L., Qin, Y., Gao, L., Li, H., and Dai, Y. Clinical observation on trigonella foenum-graecum L. total saponins in combination with sulfonylureas in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chin J Integr.Med 2008;14(1):56-60.

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Cassia Cinnamon

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Chang, K. S., Tak, J. H., Kim, S. I., Lee, W. J., and Ahn, Y. J. Repellency of Cinnamomum cassia bark compounds and cream containing cassia oil to Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory and indoor conditions. Pest.Manag.Sci. 2006;62(11):1032-1038.

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Khan A, Safdar M, Ali Khan M, et al. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3215-8.

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Lee HS, Ahn YJ. Growth-Inhibiting Effects of Cinnamomum cassia Bark-Derived Materials on Human Intestinal Bacteria. J Agric Food Chem 1998;46:8-12.

Lu T, Sheng H Wu J Cheng Y Zhu J Chen Y. Cinnamon extract improves fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin level in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Res. 2012;32(6):408-412.

Mang, B., Wolters, M., Schmitt, B., Kelb, K., Lichtinghagen, R., Stichtenoth, D. O., and Hahn, A. Effects of a cinnamon extract on plasma glucose, HbA, and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus type 2. Eur.J.Clin.Invest 2006;36(5):340-344.

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Ranasinghe P, Jayawardena R, Galappaththy P, et al. Response to Akilen et al. Efficacy and safety of 'true' cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) as a pharmaceutical agent in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2013 Apr;30(4):506-7.

Solomon TP, Blannin AK. Changes in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following 2 weeks of daily cinnamon ingestion in healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009 Apr;105(6):969-76.

Solomon TP, Blannin AK. Effects of short-term cinnamon ingestion on in vivo glucose tolerance. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007 Nov;9(6):895-901.

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Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Boonkaew S, Suthisisang CC. Meta-analysis of the effect of herbal supplement on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;137(3):1328-1333.

Suppapitiporn, S., Kanpaksi, N., and Suppapitiporn, S. The effect of cinnamon cassia powder in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J.Med.Assoc.Thai. 2006;89 Suppl 3:S200-S205.

Vanschoonbeek K, Thomassen BJ, Senden JM, et al. Cinnamon supplementation does not improve glycemic control in postmenopausal type 2 diabetes patients. J Nutr 2006;136:977-80.

Verspohl EJ, Bauer K, Neddermann E. Antidiabetic effect of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum in vivo and in vitro. Phytother Res 2005;19:203-6.

Wainstein J, Stern N, Heller S, Boaz M. Dietary cinnamon supplementation and changes in systolic blood pressure in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Med Food 2011;14(12):1505-10.

Bitter Melon

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Ahmad N, Hassan MR, Halder H, Bennoor KS. Effect of Momordica charantia (Karolla) extracts on fasting and postprandial serum glucose levels in NIDDM patients (abstract). Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 1999;25:11-3.

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Ali L, Khan AK, Mamun MI, et al. Studies on hypoglycemic effects of fruit pulp, seed, and whole plant of Momordica charantia on normal and diabetic model rats. Planta Med 1993;59:408-12.

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Basch E, Gabardi S, Ulbricht C. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia): a review of efficacy and safety. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2003;60:356-9.

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Bourinbaiar AS, Lee-Huang S. Potentiation of anti-HIV activity of anti-inflammatory drugs, dexamethasone and indomethacin, by MAP30, the antiviral agent from bitter melon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;208:779-85.

Bourinbaiar AS, Lee-Huang S. The activity of plant-derived antiretroviral proteins MAP30 and GAP31 against herpes simplex virus in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996;219:923-9.

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Cakici I, Hurmoglu C, Tunctan B, et al. Hypoglycaemic effect of Momordica charantia extracts in normoglycaemic or cyproheptadine-induced hyperglycaemic mice. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;44:117-21.

Chan, W. Y., Tam, P. P., and Yeung, H. W. The termination of early pregnancy in the mouse by beta-momorcharin. Contraception 1984;29(1):91-100.

Chen, Q., Chan, L. L., and Li, E. T. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) reduces adiposity, lowers serum insulin and normalizes glucose tolerance in rats fed a high fat diet. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1088-1093.

Cunnick JE, Sakamoto K, Chapes SK, et al. Induction of tumor cytotoxic immune cells using a protein from the bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Cell Immunol 1990;126:278-89.

Dans AM, Villarruz MV, Jimeno CA, et al. The effect of Momordica charantia capsule preparation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus needs further studies. J Clin Epidemiol 2007;60:554-9.

Das, P., Sinhababu, S. P., and Dam, T. Screening of antihelminthic effects of Indian plant extracts: a preliminary report. J Altern Complement Med 2006;12(3):299-301.

Day C, Cartwright T, Provost J, Bailey CJ. Hypoglycaemic effect of Momordica charantia extracts. Planta Med 1990;56:426-9.

Dixit, V. P., Khanna, P., and Bhargava, S. K. Effects of Momordica charantia L. fruit extract on the testicular function of dog. Planta Med 1978;34(3):280-286.

Dutta PK, Chakravarty AK, CHowdhury US, and Pakrashi SC. Vicine, a favism-inducing toxin from Momordica charantia Linn. seeds. Indian J Chem 1981;20B(August):669-671.

Grover JK, Vats V, Rathi SS, Dawar R. Traditional Indian anti-diabetic plants attenuate progression of renal damage in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;76:233-8.

Hulin et al. Intoxication aigue pour Momordica charantica (Sorrossi). A proposdeux cas. Semaine Hospitaux 1988;64:2847-2848.

Jilka C, Strifler B, Fortner GW, et al. In vivo antitumor activity of the bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Cancer Res 1983;43:5151-5.

Jiratchariyakul W, Wiwat C, Vongsakul M, et al. HIV inhibitor from Thai bitter gourd. Planta Med 2001;67:350-3.

Khanna, P., Jain, S. C., Panagariya, A., and Dixit, V. P. Hypoglycemic activity of polypeptide-p from a plant source. J Nat.Prod. 1981;44(6):648-655.

Kohno, H., Yasui, Y., Suzuki, R., Hosokawa, M., Miyashita, K., and Tanaka, T. Dietary seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid from bitter melon inhibits azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis through elevation of colonic PPARgamma expression and alteration of lipid composition. Int J Cancer 7-20-2004;110(6):896-901.

Krawinkel, M. B. and Keding, G. B. Bitter gourd (Momordica Charantia): A dietary approach to hyperglycemia. Nutr Rev 2006;64(7 Pt 1):331-337.

Leatherdale B, Panesar RK, Singh G, et al. Improvement in glucose tolerance due to Momordica charantia. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981;282:1823-4.

Lee-Huang S, Huang PL, Chen HC, et al. Anti-HIV and anti-tumor activities of recombinant MAP30 from bitter melon. Gene 1995;161:151-6.

Lee-Huang S, Huang PL, Huang PL, et al. Inhibition of the integrase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 by anti-HIV plant proteins MAP30 and GAP31. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92:8818-22.

Lee-Huang S, Huang PL, Nara PL, et al. MAP 30: a new inhibitor of HIV-1 infection and replication. FEBS Lett 1990;272:12-8.

Lee-Huang, S., Huang, P. L., Sun, Y., Chen, H. C., Kung, H. F., Huang, P. L., and Murphy, W. J. Inhibition of MDA-MB-231 human breast tumor xenografts and HER2 expression by anti-tumor agents GAP31 and MAP30. Anticancer Res 2000;20(2A):653-659.

Leung SO, Yeung HW, Leung KN. The immunosuppressive activities of two abortifacient proteins isolated from the seeds of bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Immunopharmacol 1987;13:159-71.

Liu, H. L., Wan, X., Huang, X. F., and Kong, L. Y. Biotransformation of sinapic acid catalyzed by Momordica charantia peroxidase. J Agric Food Chem 2-7-2007;55(3):1003-1008.

Marles R and Farnsworth N. Antidiabetic Plants and Their Active Constituents: An update. Phytomedicine 1997;2(2):137-189.

Miura, T., Itoh, C., Iwamoto, N., Kato, M., Kawai, M., Park, S. R., and Suzuki, I. Hypoglycemic activity of the fruit of the Momordica charantia in type 2 diabetic mice. J Nutr.Sci.Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2001;47(5):340-344.

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Naseem MZ, Patil SR, Patil SR, et al. Antispermatogenic and androgenic activities of Momordica charantia (Karela) in albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;61:9-16.

Nerurkar, P. V., Lee, Y. K., Linden, E. H., Lim, S., Pearson, L., Frank, J., and Nerurkar, V. R. Lipid lowering effects of Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon) in HIV-1-protease inhibitor-treated human hepatoma cells, HepG2. Br J Pharmacol 2006;148(8):1156-1164.

Nerurkar, P. V., Pearson, L., Efird, J. T., Adeli, K., Theriault, A. G., and Nerurkar, V. R. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene expression and ApoB secretion are inhibited by bitter melon in HepG2 cells. J Nutr 2005;135(4):702-706.

Ng, T. B., Wong, C. M., Li, W. W., and Yeung, H. W. Insulin-like molecules in Momordica charantia seeds. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;15(1):107-117.

Ng, T. B., Wong, C. M., Li, W. W., and Yeung, H. W. Isolation and characterization of a galactose binding lectin with insulinomimetic activities. From the seeds of the bitter gourd Momordica charantia (Family Cucurbitaceae). Int J Peptide Protein Res 1986;28(2):163-172.

Pongnikorn, S., Fongmoon, D., Kasinrerk, W., and Limtrakul, P. N. Effect of bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn) on level and function of natural killer cells in cervical cancer patients with radiotherapy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2003;86(1):61-68.

Raman A and Lau C. Anti-diabetic properties and phytochemistry of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae). Phytomedicine 1996;2(4):349-362.

Raman A, et al. Anti-diabetic properties and phytochemistry of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae). Phytomedicine 1996;294.

Rathi, S. S., Grover, J. K., and Vats, V. The effect of Momordica charantia and Mucuna pruriens in experimental diabetes and their effect on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Phytother.Res 2002;16(3):236-243.

Rebultan, S. P. Bitter melon therapy: an experimental treatment of HIV infection. AIDS Asia 1995;2(4):6-7.

Sarkar S, Pranava M, Marita R. Demonstration of the hypoglycemic action of Momordica charantia in a validated animal model of diabetes. Pharmacol Res 1996;33:1-4.

Schreiber CA, Wan L, Sun Y, et al. The antiviral agents, MAP30 and GAP31, are not toxic to human spermatozoa and may be useful in preventing the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Fertil Steril 1999;72:686-90.

Senanayake, G. V., Maruyama, M., Sakono, M., Fukuda, N., Morishita, T., Yukizaki, C., Kawano, M., and Ohta, H. The effects of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) extracts on serum and liver lipid parameters in hamsters fed cholesterol-free and cholesterol-enriched diets. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2004;50(4):253-257.

Senanayake, G. V., Maruyama, M., Shibuya, K., Sakono, M., Fukuda, N., Morishita, T., Yukizaki, C., Kawano, M., and Ohta, H. The effects of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) on serum and liver triglyceride levels in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;91(2-3):257-262.

Shekelle, P. G., Hardy, M., Morton, S. C., Coulter, I., Venuturupalli, S., Favreau, J., and Hilton, L. K. Are Ayurvedic herbs for diabetes effective? J Fam.Pract. 2005;54(10):876-886.

Shibib BA, Khan LA, Rahman R. Hypoglycaemic activity of Coccinia indica and Momordica charantia in diabetic rats: depression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and elevation of both liver and red-cell shunt enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochem J 1993;292:267-70.

Srivastava Y, Venkatakrishna-Bhatt H, Verma Y, et al. Antidiabetic and adaptogenic properties of Momordica charantia extract: An experimental and clinical evaluation. Phytother Res 1993;7:285-9.

Srivastava Y. Antidiabetic and adaptogenic properties of Momordica charantia extract:An experimental and clinical evaluation. Phytother Res 1993;7:285-289.

Stepka W, Wilson KE, and Madge GE. Antifertility investigation on Momordica. Lloydia 1974;37(4):645.

Takemoto, D. J., Dunford, C., and McMurray, M. M. The cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of the bitter melon (Momordica charantia) on human lymphocytes. Toxicon 1982;20(3):593-599.

Takemoto, D. J., Jilka, C., and Kresie, R. Purification and characterization of a cytostatic factor from the bitter melon Momordica charantia. Prep.Biochem 1982;12(4):355-375.

Tennekoon, K. H., Jeevathayaparan, S., Angunawala, P., Karunanayake, E. H., and Jayasinghe, K. S. Effect of Momordica charantia on key hepatic enzymes. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;44(2):93-97.

Tuekpe, M. K., Todoriki, H., Sasaki, S., Zheng, K. C., and Ariizumi, M. Potassium excretion in healthy Japanese women was increased by a dietary intervention utilizing home-parcel delivery of Okinawan vegetables. Hypertens.Res 2006;29(6):389-396.

Vikrant V, Grover JK, Tandon N, et al. Treatment with extracts of Momordica charantia and Eugenia jambolana prevents hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in fructose fed rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;76:139-43.

Virdi, J., Sivakami, S., Shahani, S., Suthar, A. C., Banavalikar, M. M., and Biyani, M. K. Antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts from Momordica charantia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;88(1):107-111.

Wang, Y. X., Jacob, J., Wingfield, P. T., Palmer, I., Stahl, S. J., Kaufman, J. D., Huang, P. L., Huang, P. L., Lee-Huang, S., and Torchia, D. A. Anti-HIV and anti-tumor protein MAP30, a 30 kDa single-strand type-I RIP, shares similar secondary structure and beta-sheet topology with the A chain of ricin, a type-II RIP. Protein Sci. 2000;9(1):138-144.

Wang, Y. X., Neamati, N., Jacob, J., Palmer, I., Stahl, S. J., Kaufman, J. D., Huang, P. L., Huang, P. L., Winslow, H. E., Pommier, Y., Wingfield, P. T., Lee-Huang, S., Bax, A., and Torchia, D. A. Solution structure of anti-HIV-1 and anti-tumor protein MAP30: structural insights into its multiple functions. Cell 11-12-1999;99(4):433-442.

Welihinda J, et al. Effect of Momordica charantia on the glucose tolerance in maturity onset diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol 1986;17:277-82.

Welihinda, J., Arvidson, G., Gylfe, E., Hellman, B., and Karlsson, E. The insulin-releasing activity of the tropical plant momordica charantia. Acta Biol Med Ger 1982;41(12):1229-1240.

Wong, C. M., Yeung, H. W., and Ng, T. B. Screening of Trichosanthes kirilowii, Momordica charantia and Cucurbita maxima (family Cucurbitaceae) for compounds with antilipolytic activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 1985;13(3):313-321.

Yasui, Y., Hosokawa, M., Kohno, H., Tanaka, T., and Miyashita, K. Troglitazone and 9cis,11trans,13trans-conjugated linolenic acid: comparison of their antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects on different colon cancer cell lines. Chemotherapy 2006;52(5):220-225.

Banaba

Ali, H., Houghton, P. J., and Soumyanath, A. alpha-Amylase inhibitory activity of some Malaysian plants used to treat diabetes; with particular reference to Phyllanthus amarus. J Ethnopharmacol. 10-11-2006;107(3):449-455.

Bai, N., He, K., Roller, M., Zheng, B., Chen, X., Shao, Z., Peng, T., and Zheng, Q. Active compounds from Lagerstroemia speciosa, insulin-like glucose uptake-stimulatory/inhibitory and adipocyte differentiation-inhibitory activities in 3T3-L1 cells. J Agric.Food Chem 12-24-2008;56(24):11668-11674.

Choi, H. J., Bae, E. Y., Song, J. H., Baek, S. H., and Kwon, D. H. Inhibitory effects of orobol 7-O-D-glucoside from banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) on human rhinoviruses replication. Lett.Appl.Microbiol. 2010;51(1):1-5.

Fuchikami H, Satoh H, Tsujimoto M, Ohdo S, Ohtani H, Sawada Y. Effects of herbal extracts on the function of human organic anion-transporting polypeptide OATP-B. Drug Metab Dispos 2006;34:577-82.

Fukushima, M., Matsuyama, F., Ueda, N., Egawa, K., Takemoto, J., Kajimoto, Y., Yonaha, N., Miura, T., Kaneko, T., Nishi, Y., Mitsui, R., Fujita, Y., Yamada, Y., and Seino, Y. Effect of corosolic acid on postchallenge plasma glucose levels. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006;73(2):174-177.

Gao, S., Zhan, Q., Li, J., Yang, Q., Li, X., Chen, W., and Sun, L. LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of ethyl gallate and its major metabolite in rat plasma. Biomed.Chromatogr. 2010;24(5):472-478.

Garcia, L. L et al. Pharmaceutico-chemical and pharmacological studies on a crude drug from Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Philippine J Sci 1987;116:361-375.

Hattori K, Sukenobu N, Sasaki T, et al. Activation of insulin receptors by lagerstroemin. J Pharmacol Sci 2003;93:69-73.

Hayashi T, Maruyama H, Kasai R, et al. Ellagitannins from Lagerstroemia speciosa as activators of glucose transport in fat cells. Planta Med 2002;68:173-5.

Hou, W., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Wei, X., Peng, A., Chen, L., and Wei, Y. Triterpene acids isolated from Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Phytother.Res 2009;23(5):614-618.

Ichikawa, H., Yagi, H., Tanaka, T., Cyong, J. C., and Masaki, T. Lagerstroemia speciosa extract inhibit TNF-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in rat cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 3-2-2010;128(1):254-256.

Judy WV, Hari SP, Stogsdill WW, et al. Antidiabetic activity of a standardized extract (Glucosol) from Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves in Type II diabetics. A dose-dependence study. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;87:115-7.

Kakuda T, Sakane I, Takihara T, et al. Hypoglycemic effect of extracts from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. leaves in genetically diabetic KK-AY mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996;60:204-8.

Khan, M. T., Lampronti, I., Martello, D., Bianchi, N., Jabbar, S., Choudhuri, M. S., Datta, B. K., and Gambari, R. Identification of pyrogallol as an antiproliferative compound present in extracts from the medicinal plant Emblica officinalis: effects on in vitro cell growth of human tumor cell lines. Int.J.Oncol. 2002;21(1):187-192.

Klein, G., Kim, J., Himmeldirk, K., Cao, Y., and Chen, X. Antidiabetes and Anti-obesity Activity of Lagerstroemia speciosa. Evid.Based Complement Alternat.Med 2007;4(4):401-407.

Lampronti, I., Khan, M. T., Bianchi, N., Ather, A., Borgatti, M., Vizziello, L., Fabbri, E., and Gambari, R. Bangladeshi medicinal plant extracts inhibiting molecular interactions between nuclear factors and target DNA sequences mimicking NF-kappaB binding sites. Med Chem 2005;1(4):327-333.

Liu, F., Kim, J., Li, Y., Liu, X., Li, J., and Chen, X. An extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa L. has insulin-like glucose uptake-stimulatory and adipocyte differentiation-inhibitory activities in 3T3-L1 cells. J Nutr 2001;131(9):2242-2247.

Liu, X., Kim, J. K., Li, Y., Li, J., Liu, F., and Chen, X. Tannic acid stimulates glucose transport and inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. J Nutr 2005;135(2):165-171.

Murakami, C., Myoga, K., Kasai, R., Ohtani, K., Kurokawa, T., Ishibashi, S., Dayrit, F., Padolina, W. G., and Yamasaki, K. Screening of plant constituents for effect on glucose transport activity in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1993;41(12):2129-2131.

Nahar, LI, Ripa, FA, and Al-Bari, MA. Investigation on Antioxidant Activities of Six Indigenous Plants of Bangladesh. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 2009;5(12):2285-2288.

Nicolis, E., Lampronti, I., Dechecchi, M. C., Borgatti, M., Tamanini, A., Bezzerri, V., Bianchi, N., Mazzon, M., Mancini, I., Giri, M. G., Rizzotti, P., Gambari, R., and Cabrini, G. Modulation of expression of IL-8 gene in bronchial epithelial cells by 5-methoxypsoralen. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009;9(12):1411-1422.

Okada, Y., Omae, A., and Okuyama, T. A new triterpenoid isolated from Lagerstronemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2003;51(4):452-454.

Osawa, K., Ueda, J., and Takahashi, M. [The components of the plants of Lagerstroemia genus. II. Studies on the components of the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers., L. subcostata Koehne., L. indica Linn., and L. fauriei Koehne (author's transl)]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1974;94(2):271-273.

Priya, T. T., Sabu, M. C., and Jolly, C. I. Amelioration of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in mice by an ethyl acetate extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L). J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2007;18(4):289-298.

Priya, T. T., Sabu, M. C., and Jolly, C. I. Free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L). Inflammopharmacology. 2008;16(4):182-187.

Ragasa, C. Y., Ngo, H. T., and Rideout, J. A. Terpenoids and sterols from Lagerstroemia speciosa. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2005;7(1):7-12.

Sato, J., Goto, K., Nanjo, F., Kawai, S., and Murata, K. Antifungal activity of plant extracts against Arthrinium sacchari and Chaetomium funicola. J Biosci.Bioeng. 2000;90(4):442-446.

Shim, K. S., Lee, S. U., Ryu, S. Y., Min, Y. K., and Kim, S. H. Corosolic acid stimulates osteoblast differentiation by activating transcription factors and MAP kinases. Phytother.Res 2009;23(12):1754-1758.

Sinhababu, A., Basak, B., Laskar, S., Chakrabarty, D., and Sen, S. K. Effect of different fractions of petroleum ether (60-80 degrees) extract of the seeds of Lagerstroemia speciosa (Linn. ex Murray) Pers. on some microorganisms. Hindustan Antibiot.Bull 1994;36(1-2):39-45.

Sivakumar, G., Vail, D. R., Nair, V., Medina-Bolivar, F., and Lay, J. O., Jr. Plant-based corosolic acid: future anti-diabetic drug? Biotechnol.J 2009;4(12):1704-1711.

Suzuki Y, Unno T, Ushitani M, et al. Antiobesity activity of extracts from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. leaves on female KK-Ay mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1999;45:791-5.

Takagi, S., Miura, T., Ishibashi, C., Kawata, T., Ishihara, E., Gu, Y., and Ishida, T. Effect of corosolic acid on the hydrolysis of disaccharides. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2008;54(3):266-268.

Takagi, S., Miura, T., Ishihara, E., Ishida, T., and Chinzei, Y. Effect of corosolic acid on dietary hypercholesterolemia and hepatic steatosis in KK-Ay diabetic mice. Biomed.Res 2010;31(4):213-218.

Takahashi, M., Osawa, K., Ueda, J., Yamamoto, F., and Tsai, C. T. [The components of the plants of Lagerstroemia genus. III. On the structure of the new tannin "lagertannin" from the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (author's transl)]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1976;96(8):984-987.

Takahashi, M., Ueda, J., and Sasaki, J. I. [The components of the plants of Lagerstroemia genus. V. Synthesis of the aglycon of lagertannin 3,4-di-O-methylellagic acid from gallic acid (author's transl)]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1977;97(11):1236-1239.

Takahashi, M., Ueda, J., and Sasaki, J. I. [The components of the plants of Lagerstroemia genus. IV. On the presence of the ellagic acid derivatives from the leaves of Lagerstroemia subcostata Koehne. and L. speciosa (L.) Pers. and the synthesis of 3,4-di-o-methylellagic acid (author's transl)]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1977;97(8):880-882.

Unno T, Sugimoto A, Kakuda T. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors from the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;93:391-5.

Yamada, K., Hosokawa, M., Fujimoto, S., Fujiwara, H., Fujita, Y., Harada, N., Yamada, C., Fukushima, M., Ueda, N., Kaneko, T., Matsuyama, F., Yamada, Y., Seino, Y., and Inagaki, N. Effect of corosolic acid on gluconeogenesis in rat liver. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008;80(1):48-55.

Yamada, K., Hosokawa, M., Yamada, C., Watanabe, R., Fujimoto, S., Fujiwara, H., Kunitomo, M., Miura, T., Kaneko, T., Tsuda, K., Seino, Y., and Inagaki, N. Dietary corosolic acid ameliorates obesity and hepatic steatosis in KK-Ay mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2008;31(4):651-655.

Yamaguchi, Y., Yamada, K., Yoshikawa, N., Nakamura, K., Haginaka, J., and Kunitomo, M. Corosolic acid prevents oxidative stress, inflammation and hypertension in SHR/NDmcr-cp rats, a model of metabolic syndrome. Life Sci 11-25-2006;79(26):2474-2479.

Coenzyme Q10

Andersen CB, Henriksen JE, Hother-Nielsen O, et al. The effect of coenzyme Q10 on blood glucose and insulin requirement in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Mol Aspects Med 1997;18 Suppl:S307-9.

Bresolin N, Doriguzzi C, Ponzetto C, et al. Ubidecarenone in the treatment of mitochondrial myopathies: a multi-center double-blind trial. J Neurol Sci 1990;100:70-8.

Fiorella PL, Bargossi AM Grossi G Motta R Senaldi R Battino M Sassi S Sprovieri G Lubich T. Metabolic effects of coenzyme Q10 treatment in high level athletes. Biomedical and clinical aspects of Coenzyme Q10 1991;513-520.

Greenberg S, Frishman WH. Co-enzyme Q10: a new drug for cardiovascular disease. J Clin Pharmacol 1990;30:596-608.

Henriksen JE, Andersen CB, Hother-Nielsen O, et al. Impact of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) treatment on glycaemic control, insulin requirement and well-being in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1999;16:312-8.

Lister RE. An open, pilot study to evaluate the potential benefits of coenzyme Q10 combined with Ginkgo biloba extract in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res 2002;30:195-9.

Mizuno, K., Tanaka, M., Nozaki, S., Mizuma, H., Ataka, S., Tahara, T., Sugino, T., Shirai, T., Kajimoto, Y., Kuratsune, H., Kajimoto, O., and Watanabe, Y. Antifatigue effects of coenzyme Q10 during physical fatigue. Nutrition 2008;24(4):293-299.

Morisco C, Trimarco B, Condorelli M. Effect of coenzyme Q10 therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: a long-term, multicenter, randomized study. Clin Investig 1993;71:S134-6.

Permanetter B, Rossy W, Klein G, et al. Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) in the long-term treatment of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 1992;13:1528-33.

Rastogi SS, Singh RB, and Shukla PK. Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of hydrosoluble coenzyme Q10 in patients with hyperinsulinemia. First Conference of the International Coenzyme Q10 Association 2002;

Rengo F, Abete P, Landino P, et al. Role of metabolic therapy in cardiovascular disease. Clin Investig. 1993;71(8 Suppl):S124-S8.

Safarinejad MR. Efficacy of coenzyme Q-10 on semen parameters, sperm function and reproductive hormones in infertile men. J Urol 2009;182:237-48.

Shanmugasundaram ER, Rajeswari G, Baskaran K, et al. Use of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract in the control of blood glucose in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol 1990;30:281-94.

Shults CW, Beal MF, Fontaine D, et al. Absorption, tolerability, and effects on mitochondrial activity of oral coenzyme Q10 in parkinsonian patients. Neurology 1998;50:793-5.

Shults CW, Oakes D, Kieburtz K, et al. Effects of coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: evidence of slowing of the functional decline. Arch Neurol 2002;59:1541-50.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS, et al. Effect of hydrosoluble coenzyme Q10 on blood pressures and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13:203-8.

Storch A, Jost WH, Vieregge P, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on symptomatic effects of coenzyme Q10 in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2007;64:938-44.

The Huntington Study Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 and remacemide in Huntington's disease. Neurology 2001;57:397-404.

Watson PS, Scalia GM, Galbraith A, et al. Lack of effect of coenzyme Q on left ventricular function in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1549-52.

Young, J. M., Florkowski, C. M., Molyneux, S. L., McEwan, R. G., Frampton, C. M., Nicholls, M. G., Scott, R. S., and George, P. M. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of coenzyme Q10 therapy in hypertensive patients with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25(2):261-270.

Vanadium

Aharon Y, Mevorach M, Shamoon H. Vanadyl sulfate does not enhance insulin action in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:2194-5.

Bevan, A. P., Drake, P. G., Yale, J. F., Shaver, A., and Posner, B. I. Peroxovanadium compounds: biological actions and mechanism of insulin-mimesis. Mol.Cell Biochem 12-6-1995;153(1-2):49-58.

Boden G, Chen X, Ruiz J, et al. Effects of vanadyl sulfate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 1996;45:1130-5.

Brichard, S. M., Lederer, J., and Henquin, J. C. The insulin-like properties of vanadium: a curiosity or a perspective for the treatment of diabetes? Diabete Metab 1991;17(5):435-440.

Cam, M. C., Brownsey, R. W., and McNeill, J. H. Mechanisms of vanadium action: insulin-mimetic or insulin-enhancing agent? Can.J Physiol Pharmacol 2000;78(10):829-847.

Chiasson, J. L. and Srivastava, A. K. [Insulin-like effects of vanadium and other metallic ions. Potential use in the treatment of diabetes]. Journ.Annu.Diabetol.Hotel Dieu 1999;201-211.

Cohen N, Halberstam M, Shlimovich P, et al. Oral vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1995;95:2501-9.

Crans, D. C. Chemistry and insulin-like properties of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) compounds. J Inorg.Biochem 5-30-2000;80(1-2):123-131.

Cunningham, J. J. Micronutrients as nutriceutical interventions in diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll.Nutr 1998;17(1):7-10.

Cusi K, Cukier S, DeFronzo RA, et al. Vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1410-7.

Fantus, I. G. and Tsiani, E. Multifunctional actions of vanadium compounds on insulin signaling pathways: evidence for preferential enhancement of metabolic versus mitogenic effects. Mol.Cell Biochem 1998;182(1-2):109-119.

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002. Available at: www.nap.edu/books/0309072794/html/.

Goldfine AB, Simonson DC, Folli F, et al. Metabolic effects of sodium metavanadate in humans with insulin-dependent and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:3311-20.

Goldfine, A. B., Patti, M. E., Zuberi, L., Goldstein, B. J., LeBlanc, R., Landaker, E. J., Jiang, Z. Y., Willsky, G. R., and Kahn, C. R. Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. Metabolism 2000;49(3):400-410.

Goldwaser, I., Gefel, D., Gershonov, E., Fridkin, M., and Shechter, Y. Insulin-like effects of vanadium: basic and clinical implications. J Inorg.Biochem 5-30-2000;80(1-2):21-25.

Halberstam M, Cohen N, Shlimovich P, et al. Oral vanadyl sulfate improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM but not in obese nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes 1996;45:659-66.

Kelly, G. S. Insulin resistance: lifestyle and nutritional interventions. Altern.Med Rev 2000;5(2):109-132.

Kiersztan, A. [Insulin-like effect of vanadium compounds]. Postepy Biochem 1998;44(4):275-282.

Mehdi, M. Z., Pandey, S. K., Theberge, J. F., and Srivastava, A. K. Insulin signal mimicry as a mechanism for the insulin-like effects of vanadium. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2006;44(1):73-81.

Orvig, C., Thompson, K. H., Battell, M., and McNeill, J. H. Vanadium compounds as insulin mimics. Met.Ions.Biol Syst. 1995;31:575-594.

Preuss, H. G. Effects of glucose/insulin perturbations on aging and chronic disorders of aging: the evidence. J Am Coll.Nutr 1997;16(5):397-403.

Sakurai, H., Yasui, H., and Adachi, Y. The therapeutic potential of insulin-mimetic vanadium complexes. Expert.Opin Investig.Drugs 2003;12(7):1189-1203.

Scheen, A. J. Drug treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the 1990s. Achievements and future developments. Drugs 1997;54(3):355-368.

Shamberger, R. J. The insulin-like effects of vanadium. J Adv Med 1996;(9):121-131.

Srivastava, A. K. and Mehdi, M. Z. Insulino-mimetic and anti-diabetic effects of vanadium compounds. Diabet.Med 2005;22(1):2-13.

Verma, S., Cam, M. C., and McNeill, J. H. Nutritional factors that can favorably influence the glucose/insulin system: vanadium. J Am Coll.Nutr 1998;17(1):11-18.

Yeh GY, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, Phillips RS. Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1277-94.