Memory Solutions

For more information about the science that supports Memory Solutions’ supplements, please review the following research studies:

Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Malani N, Ichikawa H. Curcumin: the Indian solid gold. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;595:1-75. Review. PubMed PMID: 17569205.

Ahmed T, Enam SA, Gilani AH. Curcuminoids enhance memory in an amyloid-infused rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience. 2010 Sep 1;169(3):1296-306. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.078. Epub 2010 Jun 9. PubMed PMID: 20538041.

Annweiler C, Montero-Odasso M, Llewellyn DJ, Richard-Devantoy S, Duque G, Beauchet O. Meta-analysis of memory and executive dysfunctions in relation to vitamin D. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;37(1):147-71. doi: 10.3233/JAD-130452. Review. PubMed PMID: 23948884.

Annweiler C, Schott AM, Rolland Y, Blain H, Herrmann FR, Beauchet O. Dietary intake of vitamin D and cognition in older women: a large population-based study. Neurology. 2010 Nov 16;75(20):1810-6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181fd6352. PubMed PMID: 21079183.

Bazan NG. Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1): a DHA-derived mediator that protects brain and retina against cell injury-induced oxidative stress. Brain Pathol. 2005 Apr;15(2):159-66. Review. PubMed PMID: 15912889.

Blusztajn JK, Mellott TJ. Choline nutrition programs brain development via DNA and histone methylation. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2012 Jun;12(2):82-94. Review. PubMed PMID: 22483275.

Bourre JM. Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 1: micronutrients. J Nutr Health Aging. 2006 Sep-Oct;10(5):377-85. Review. PubMed PMID: 17066209.

Bryan J, Calvaresi E, Hughes D. Short-term folate, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-6 supplementation slightly affects memory performance but not mood in women of various ages. J Nutr. 2002 Jun;132(6):1345-56. PubMed PMID: 12042457.

Cole GM, Teter B, Frautschy SA. Neuroprotective effects of curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;595:197-212. Review. PubMed PMID: 17569212; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2527619.

Cole GM, Teter B, Frautschy SA. Neuroprotective effects of curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;595:197-212. Review. PubMed PMID: 17569212; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2527619.

Daiello L, Gonvatana A, Dunsiger S, et al. Association of Pre-Baseline Fish Oil Supplement Use with Rates of Brain Atrophy and Cognitive Decline in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Cohort. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2001 July; 7(4): S592-S593.

Darvesh AS, Carroll RT, Bishayee A, Novotny NA, Geldenhuys WJ, Van der Schyf CJ. Curcumin and neurodegenerative diseases: a perspective. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2012 Aug;21(8):1123-40. doi: 10.1517/13543784.2012.693479. Epub 2012 Jun 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 22668065.

de Jager CA, Oulhaj A, Jacoby R, Refsum H, Smith AD. Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;27(6):592-600. doi: 10.1002/gps.2758. Epub 2011 Jul 21. PubMed PMID: 21780182.

Durga J, van Boxtel MP, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, Jolles J, Katan MB, Verhoef P. Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomised, double blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Jan 20;369(9557):208-16. PubMed PMID: 17240287.

Ellinson M, Thomas J, Patterson A. A critical evaluation of the relationship between serum vitamin B, folate and total homocysteine with cognitive impairment in the elderly. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2004 Aug;17(4):371-83; quiz 385-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 15250847.

Feng L, Ng TP, Chuah L, Niti M, Kua EH. Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 and cognitive performance in older Chinese adults: findings from the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;84(6):1506-12. PubMed PMID: 17158436.

Fioravanti M, Ferrario E, Massaia M, Cappa G, Rivolta G, Grossi E, Buckley AE. Low folate levels in the cognitive decline of elderly patients and the efficacy of folate as a treatment for improving memory deficits. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1998 Jan-Feb;26(1):1-13. PubMed PMID: 18653121.

Freund-Levi Y, Eriksdotter-Jönhagen M, Cederholm T, Basun H, Faxén-Irving G, Garlind A, Vedin I, Vessby B, Wahlund LO, Palmblad J. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: OmegAD study: a randomized double-blind trial. Arch Neurol. 2006 Oct;63(10):1402-8. PubMed PMID: 17030655.

González S, Huerta JM, Fernández S, Patterson AM, Lasheras C. The relationship between dietary lipids and cognitive performance in an elderly population. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2010 Mar;61(2):217-25. doi: 10.3109/09637480903348098. PubMed PMID: 20001761.

Grima NA, Pase MP, Macpherson H, Pipingas A. The effects of multivitamins on cognitive performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;29(3):561-9. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2011-111751. Review. PubMed PMID: 22330823.

Hashimoto M, Hossain S. Neuroprotective and ameliorative actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids against neuronal diseases: beneficial effect of docosahexaenoic acid on cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. J Pharmacol Sci. 2011;116 (2):150-62. Epub 2011 May 21. Review. PubMed PMID: 21606627.

Hashimoto M, Tanabe Y, Fujii Y, Kikuta T, Shibata H, Shido O. Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic acid ameliorates the impairment of spatial cognition learning ability in amyloid beta-infused rats. J Nutr. 2005 Mar;135(3):549-55. PubMed PMID: 15735092.

Hashimoto M, Yamashita K, Kato S, et al. Beneficial Effects of Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Intervention on Cognitive Function in Elderly People With Very Mild Dementia in Japan. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2011 July; 7(4): S610-S611.

Hatcher H, Planalp R, Cho J, Torti FM, Torti SV. Curcumin: from ancient medicine to current clinical trials. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008 Jun;65(11):1631-52. doi: 10.1007/s00018-008-7452-4. Review. PubMed PMID: 18324353.

Head E, Murphey HL, Dowling AL, McCarty KL, Bethel SR, Nitz JA, Pleiss M, Vanrooyen J, Grossheim M, Smiley JR, Murphy MP, Beckett TL, Pagani D, Bresch F, Hendrix C. A combination cocktail improves spatial attention in a canine model of human aging and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;32(4):1029-42. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2012-120937. PubMed PMID: 22886019.

Hollenbeck CB. An introduction to the nutrition and metabolism of choline. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2012 Jun;12 (2):100-13. Review. PubMed PMID: 22483274.

Holmes GL, Yang Y, Liu Z, Cermak JM, Sarkisian MR, Stafstrom CE, Neill JC, Blusztajn JK. Seizure-induced memory impairment is reduced by choline supplementation before or after status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res. 2002 Jan;48(1-2):3-13. PubMed PMID: 11823105.

Kalmijn S, van Boxtel MP, Ocké M, Verschuren WM, Kromhout D, Launer LJ. Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive performance at middle age. Neurology. 2004 Jan 27;62(2):275-80. PubMed PMID: 14745067.

Kim DS, Kim JY, Han Y. Curcuminoids in neurodegenerative diseases. Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov. 2012 Dec;7(3):184-204. Review. PubMed PMID: 22742420.

Lee L, Kang SA, Lee HO, Lee BH, Park JS, Kim JH, Jung IK, Park YJ, Lee JE. Relationships between dietary intake and cognitive function level in Korean elderly people. Public Health. 2001 Mar;115(2):133-8. PubMed PMID: 11406779.

Li Y, Wang P. [Neuroprotective effects of curcumin]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2009 Dec;34(24):3173-5. Review. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 20352992.

Llewellyn DJ, Lang IA, Langa KM, Melzer D. Vitamin D and cognitive impairment in the elderly U.S. population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011 Jan;66(1):59-65. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq185. Epub 2010 Nov 1. PubMed PMID: 21041201; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3011960.

Llewellyn DJ, Lang IA, Langa KM, Muniz-Terrera G, Phillips CL, Cherubini A, Ferrucci L, Melzer D. Vitamin D and risk of cognitive decline in elderly persons. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Jul 12;170(13):1135-41. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.173. PubMed PMID: 20625021.

McCann JC, Hudes M, Ames BN. An overview of evidence for a causal relationship between dietary availability of choline during development and cognitive function in offspring. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(5):696-712. Epub 2006 Feb 28. Review. PubMed PMID: 16504295.

Mi W, van Wijk N, Cansev M, Sijben JW, Kamphuis PJ. Nutritional approaches in the risk reduction and management of Alzheimer's disease. Nutrition. 2013 Sep;29(9):1080-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.01.024. Epub 2013 Jun 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 23756280.

Mishra S, Palanivelu K. The effect of curcumin (turmeric) on Alzheimer's disease: An overview. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2008 Jan;11(1):13-9. doi: 10.4103/0972-2327.40220. PubMed PMID: 19966973; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2781139.

Monroy A, Lithgow GJ, Alavez S. Curcumin and neurodegenerative diseases. Biofactors. 2013 Jan-Feb;39(1):122-32. doi: 10.1002/biof.1063. Epub 2013 Jan 10. Review. PubMed PMID: 23303664; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3578106.

Mooijaart SP, Gussekloo J, Frölich M, Jolles J, Stott DJ, Westendorp RG, de Craen AJ. Homocysteine, vitamin B-12, and folic acid and the risk of cognitive decline in old age: the Leiden 85-Plus study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Oct;82(4):866-71. PubMed PMID: 16210718.

Ojha RP, Rastogi M, Devi BP, Agrawal A, Dubey GP. Neuroprotective effect of curcuminoids against inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2012 Sep;7(3):609-18. doi: 10.1007/s11481-012-9363-2. Epub 2012 Apr 21. PubMed PMID: 22527634.

Ortega RM, Requejo AM, Andrés P, López-Sobaler AM, Quintas ME, Redondo MR, Navia B, Rivas T. Dietary intake and cognitive function in a group of elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Oct;66(4):803-9. PubMed PMID: 9322553.

Przybelski RJ, Binkley NC. Is vitamin D important for preserving cognition? A positive correlation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with cognitive function. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007 Apr 15;460(2):202-5. Epub 2007 Jan 8. PubMed PMID: 17258168.

Rastogi M, Ojha RP, Sagar C, Agrawal A, Dubey GP. Protective effect of curcuminoids on age-related mitochondrial impairment in female Wistar rat brain. Biogerontology. 2014 Feb;15(1):21-31. doi: 10.1007/s10522-013-9466-z. Epub 2013 Sep 19. PubMed PMID: 24048922.

Requejo AM, Ortega RM, Robles F, Navia B, Faci M, Aparicio A. Influence of nutrition on cognitive function in a group of elderly, independently living people. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep;57 Suppl 1:S54-7. PubMed PMID: 12947454.

Sasaki H, Matsuzaki Y, Meguro K, Ikarashi Y, Maruyama Y, Yamaguchi S, Sekizawa K. Vitamin B12 improves cognitive disturbance in rodents fed a choline-deficient diet. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1992 Oct;43(2):635-9. PubMed PMID: 1438503.

Smith AD, Smith SM, de Jager CA, Whitbread P, Johnston C, Agacinski G, Oulhaj A, Bradley KM, Jacoby R, Refsum H. Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010 Sep 8;5(9):e12244. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012244. PubMed PMID: 20838622; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2935890.

Solfrizzi V, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso C, Del Parigi A, Capurso S, Gadaleta A, Capurso A, Panza F. Dietary fatty acids intake: possible role in cognitive decline and dementia. Exp Gerontol. 2005 Apr;40(4):257-70. Review. PubMed PMID: 15820606.

Tangney CC, Aggarwal NT, Li H, Wilson RS, Decarli C, Evans DA, Morris MC. Vitamin B12, cognition, and brain MRI measures: a cross-sectional examination. Neurology. 2011 Sep 27;77(13):1276-82. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182315a33. Erratum in: Neurology. 2011 Nov 8;77(19):1773. PubMed PMID: 21947532; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3179651.

Tucker KL, Qiao N, Scott T, Rosenberg I, Spiro A 3rd. High homocysteine and low B vitamins predict cognitive decline in aging men: the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Sep;82(3):627-35. PubMed PMID: 16155277.

van Gelder BM, Tijhuis M, Kalmijn S, Kromhout D. Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids, and subsequent 5-y cognitive decline in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):1142-7. PubMed PMID: 17413117.

Walker JG, Batterham PJ, Mackinnon AJ, Jorm AF, Hickie I, Fenech M, Kljakovic M, Crisp D, Christensen H. Oral folic acid and vitamin B-12 supplementation to prevent cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults with depressive symptoms--the Beyond Ageing Project: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Jan;95(1):194-203. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.007799. Epub 2011 Dec 14. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Aug;96(2):448. Dosage error in article text. PubMed PMID: 22170358.

Wu A, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Docosahexaenoic acid dietary supplementation enhances the effects of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Neuroscience. 2008 Aug 26;155(3):751-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.061. Epub 2008 Jun 17. PubMed PMID: 18620024; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3208643.

Xu Y, Lin D, Li S, Li G, Shyamala SG, Barish PA, Vernon MM, Pan J, Ogle WO. Curcumin reverses impaired cognition and neuronal plasticity induced by chronic stress. Neuropharmacology. 2009 Sep;57(4):463-71. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.06.010. Epub 2009 Jun 21. PubMed PMID: 19540859.

Yu J, Gattoni-Celli M, Zhu H, Bhat NR, Sambamurti K, Gattoni-Celli S, Kindy MS. Vitamin D3-enriched diet correlates with a decrease of amyloid plaques in the brain of AβPP transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;25(2):295-307. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2011-101986. PubMed PMID: 21422528.

Yurko-Mauro K. Cognitive and cardiovascular benefits of docosahexaenoic acid in aging and cognitive decline. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2010 May;7 (3):190-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 20088810.

Zeisel SH. Choline: needed for normal development of memory. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000 Oct;19(5 Suppl):528S-531S. Review. PubMed PMID: 11023003.

Zhou H, Beevers CS, Huang S. The targets of curcumin. Curr Drug Targets. 2011 Mar 1;12(3):332-47. Review. PubMed PMID: 20955148; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3025067.

Super Biotic

Our Super Biotic is doctor-formulated to be complete, natural, bioavailable, and manufactured to pharmaceutical standards.

The following articles and studies, arranged in order of recency, provide information concerning the clinical basis for using Super Biotic.

Fujimori, S., et al. 2007. High dose probiotic and prebiotic cotherapy for remission induction of active Crohn’s disease. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 22 (8), 1199–1204. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17688660 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Boyle, R., et al. 2006. Probiotic use in clinical practice: What are the risks? Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 83, 1256–1264. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/83/6/1256 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Falagas, M. et al. 2006. Probiotics for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: A review of the evidence from microbiological and clinical studies. Drugs, 66 (9), 1253–1261. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16827601 (accessed 10.04.2007).

Frankenfeld, C., et al. 2006. Postmenopausal bone mineral density in relation to soy isoflavone-metabolizing phenotypes. Maturitas, 53 (3), 315–324. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16019168 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Parvez, S., et al. 2006. Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. J. Appl. Microbiol., 100, 1171–1185. URL (full text): http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02963.x (accessed 10.24.2007).

Uehara, S., et al. 2006. A pilot study evaluating the safety and effectiveness of Lactobacillus vaginal suppositories in patients with recurrent urinary tract infection. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 28, (Suppl. 1) S30–S34. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16859900> (accessed 10.04.2007).

Marshall, B. 2005. The Lasker Awards: Celebrating scientific discovery. JAMA, 294, 1420–1421.

Adolfsson, O., et al. 2004. Yogurt and gut function. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80, 245–256. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/2/245 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Lin, H. 2004. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: A framework for understanding irritable bowel syndrome. JAMA, 292 (7), 852–858. URL (full text): http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/292/7/852 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Marelli, G., et al. 2004. Lactobacilli for prevention of urogenital infections: A review. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 8 (2), 87–95. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=15267122 (accessed 10.04.2007).

Wang, K-Y., et al. 2004. Effects of ingesting Lactobacilus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt in subjects with colonized Helicobacter pylori. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80, 737–741. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/3/737 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Halsted, C. 2003. Dietary supplements and functional foods: 2 sides of a coin? Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77 (Suppl.), 1001S–1007S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/77/4/1001S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Fernández, M., et al. 2003. Probiotic properties of human lactobacilli strains to be used in the gastrointestinal tract. J. Appl. Microbiol., 94, 449–455. URL (abstract): http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01850.x (accessed 10.24.2007).

Reid, G., et al. 2003. Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 25 (20), 131–134. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12628548 (accessed 10.04.2007).

Reid, G., et al. 2003. Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 16 (4), 658–672. URL: (full text): http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/16/4/658?view=long&pmid=1455729 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Duggan, C., et al. 2002. Protective nutrients and functional foods for the gastrointestinal tract. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 75, 789–808. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/75/5/789 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Ishikawa, H., et al. 2002. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on ulcerative colitis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 22 (1), 56–63. URL (full text): http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/22/1/56 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Holzapfel, W., et al. 2001. Taxonomy and important features of probiotic microorganisms in food and nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 365S–373S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/365S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Ishibashi, N., & Yamazaki, S. 2001. Probiotics and safety. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 465S–470S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/465S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Isolauri, E., et al. 2001. Probiotics: Effects on immunity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 444S–450S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/444S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Isolauri, E. 2001. Probiotics in human disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 1142S–1146S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/6/1142S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Marteau, P., et al. 2001. Protection from gastrointestinal diseases with the use of probiotics. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 430S–436S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/430S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Saavedra, J. 2001. Clinical applications of probiotic agents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 1147S–1151S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/6/1147S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Vanderhoof, J. 2001. Probiotics: Future directions. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 1152S–1155S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/6/1152S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Wollowski, I., et al. 2001. Protective role of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 451S–455S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/451S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Roberfroid, M. 2000. Prebiotics and probiotics: Are they functional foods? Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71 (Suppl.), 1682S–1687S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/71/6/1682S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Collins, M., & Gibson, G. 1999. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: Approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69 (Suppl.), 1052S–1057S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/69/5/1052S (accessed 10.24.2007).